Results- literature and anatomy

• 1995-1998 shuttle flights: 15.6% incidence perceived decreased near vision acuity, 9.8% incidence refractive change at 3 days postflight

• More recent: perceived decreased near vision change- shuttle 23%, ISS 45%

• Measured refractive change- shuttle 11%, ISS 31%

Notes:

Incidence of visual changes increases with longer duration missions both symptomatic and measured. These are not small percentages occurrence.